How does affect science projects

Amount of sunlight, outside temperature, time Data collected: Inside temperature. Concentration or amount of oil What stays the same? Various concentrations of vinegar What stays the same? Type of plant, amount of light, soil nutrients Data collected: Condition of the plant over time. Amount and direction of heat, time observed Data collected: Temperature of surfaces at different time intervals.

Salinity of water grams of salt per liter What stays the same? Container starting temperature Data collected: Temperature over time 1 hour. Time tested Data collected: Wind speed.

Initial amount of water Data collected: Amount of water evaporated over time. Weather e. Age of participants Data collected: Participants daily responses weeks to survey question: On a scale of How do you feel today Participants should complete survey prior to being told that it is about weather. Materials e. Thickness of ice, temperature of air and ice Data collected: Amount of ice after 10 min and 20 min. Type of soil What stays the same? Amount of soil, amount of water, container Data collected: Amount of water loss.

Conditions of soil e. Amount of water, slope, type of soil Data collected: Mass of filtered soil that eroded. Type of solution e. Rocks tested be sure to include chalk , amount of liquid Data collected: Effect on rock e. Construction methods What stays the same? Amount of sand Data collected: Height of castle. Temperature OR saturation how much was dissolved in the water What stays the same?

Type of crystal, amount of water, temperature Data collected: Mass of crystals, number of crystals, length of time to form crystals. Location of major earthquakes e. Distance from the major earthquake, time period, earthquake magnitude Data collected: Number of minor earthquakes that occur nearby during the time period. Size of house, type of construction of house What stays the same?

Cleaning methods What stays the same? Initial color of penny, amount of copper in penny Data collected: Color of penny. Size of fins What stays the same? Shape and number of fins, fin placement, type and size of rocket, propulsion system amount of push , air movement, temperature, launch site Data collected: Distance the rocket flies or trajectory how straight the rocket flies.

Type of surface e. Height from which sphere is dropped Data collected: Pattern of crater. Size, shape and number of fins What stays the same? Type and size of rocket, propulsion system amount of push , air movement, temperature, launch site Data collected: Distance the rocket flies or trajectory how straight the rocket flies.

Type of egg substitute What stays the same? Recipe procedures except for egg Data collected: Taste, texture of food. Size of antacid tablet, amount of water Data collected: Amount of time for antacid tablet to dissolve. Particle size whole, half, and powder of an antacid tablet What stays the same?

Amount of water, temperature of water Data collected: Amount of time for antacid tablet to dissolve. Detergent What stays the same? Size, type, and age of stain, fabric or carpet, physical process of stain removal Data collected: Color of fabric e. Conditions [e. Brand of soda Data collected: Carbonation bubbles observed over time. Design of plane, size of paper, thrust, air currents Data collected: Distance plane travels using the same amount of thrust. Length of string, time tested Data collected: Number of swing periods.

Shock observers e. Height of drop, size of egg Data collected: Wholeness of the egg How much did the egg crack? Angle e. Size of water and procedures for making water balloon, force, height of drop Data collected: Pattern observed at impact site. Type of ball What stays the same?

Size of ball, height from which ball is dropped Data collected: Bounce height. Drop height What stays the same? Ball Data collected: Bounce height. Mass of object What stays the same? Design of catapult Data collected: Distance object travels. Shape of the parachute What stays the same? Drop height, wind, area of parachute Data collected: Time for parachute to complete descent. Different materials What stays the same? Drop height, size and shape of parachute, wind Data collected: Time for parachute to complete descent.

Temperature of magnet What stays the same? Type of insulation in a container What stays the same? Amount of ice, starting temperature Data collected: Time for ice to completely melt.

Size of object e. Method for vibrating the object Data collected: Pitch e. Spoons made of different materials What stays the same? Amount of water, temperature of the water and air, amount of butter attaching a bead indicator to each spoon Data collected: Time it takes for heat to rise up the spoon causing the butter to melt and the bead indicator to detach from the spoon. Position of fulcrum What stays the same?

Mass of load Data collected: Effort. Locations What stays the same? Sound making instrument Data collected: Loudness of echo. Types of pulleys What stays the same? Mass Data collected: Ease of lifting mass. Surface area of drum What stays the same? By starting a set of experiments with traceable and authenticated reference materials, and routinely evaluating biomaterials throughout the research workflow, the resulting data will be more reliable, and more likely to be reproducible.

Experimental reproducibility could be considerably improved if researchers were trained how to properly structure experiments and perform statistical analyses of results. By strictly adhering to a set of best practices in statistical methodology and experimental design, researchers could boost the validity and reproducibility of their work.

If scientists pre-register proposed scientific studies including the approach prior to initiation of the study, it would allow careful scrutiny of all parts of the research process and would discourage the suppression of negative results. By publishing negative data, it helps to interpret positive results from related studies and can help researchers adjust their experimental design so that further resources and funding are not wasted It is important that research methodology is thoroughly described to help improve reproducibility.

Researchers should clearly report key experimental parameters, such as whether experiments were blinded, which standards and instruments were used, how many replicates were made, how the results were interpreted, how the statistical analysis was performed, how the randomization was done, and what criteria were used to include or exclude any data.

There is a varied and influential group of organizations that are already working to improve the reproducibility of scientific research. The following is a list of initiatives aimed at supporting one or more aspects of the research reproducibility issue. ASCB continues to identify methods and best practices that would enhance reproducibility in basic research.

From its original analysis, the ASCB task force identified and published several recommendations focused on supporting existing efforts and initiating new activities on better training, reducing competition, sharing data, improving peer reviews, and providing cell authentication guidelines.

Biological resource centers, such as ATCC, provide the research community with standardized, traceable, fully authenticated cell lines and microorganisms to aid in assay reproducibility. At ATCC, microbial strains are authenticated and characterized through genotypic, phenotypic, and functional analyses to confirm identity, purity, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Komen SPP , which focuses on the best practices for receiving, managing, authenticating, culturing, and preserving cell cultures.

To further support cell authentication and reproducibility in the life sciences, ATCC also provides STR profiling and mycoplasma detection testing as services to researchers. To help improve rigor, reproducibility, and transparency in scientific research, the NIH issued a notice in that informed scientists of revised grant application instructions that focused on improving experimental design, authenticating biological and chemical resources, analyzing and interpreting results, and accurately reporting research findings.

These efforts have led to the adoption of similar guidelines by journals across numerous scientific disciplines and has resulted in cell line authentication becoming a prerequisite for publication. This initiative was designed to provide evidence of reproducibility in cancer research and to identify possible factors that may affect reproducibility. Here, selected results from high-profile articles are independently replicated by unbiased third parties to evaluate if data could be consistently reproduced.

For each evaluated study, a registered report delineating the experimental workflow is reviewed and published before experimentation is initiated; after data collection and analysis, the results are published as a replication study.

Many peer-reviewed journals have updated their reporting requirements to help improve the reproducibility of published results. The Nature Research journals, for example, have implemented new editorial policies that help ensure the availability of data, key research materials, computer codes and algorithms, and experimental protocols to other scientists.

Researchers must now complete an editorial policy checklist to ensure compliance with these policies before their manuscript can be considered for review and publication.

Most people familiar with the issue of reproducibility agree that these efforts are gaining traction. However, progress will require sustained attention on the issue, as well as cooperation and involvement from stakeholders across various fields. Accuracy and reproducibility are essential for fostering robust and credible research and for promoting scientific advancement.

There are predominant factors that have contributed to the lack of reproducibility in life science research. This issue has come to light in recent years and a number of guidelines and recommendations on achieving reproducibility in the life sciences have emerged, but the practical implementation of these practices may be challenging. It is essential that the scientific community are objective when designing experiments, take responsibility for depicting their results accurately, and thoroughly and precisely describe all methodologies used.

Further, funders, publishers, and policy-makers should continue to raise awareness about the lack of reproducibility and use their position to promote better research practices throughout the life sciences.

By taking action and seeking opportunities for improvement, researchers and key stakeholders can help improve research practices and the credibility of scientific data. For more information on how you can improve the reproducibility of your research, visit ATCC online.

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