How do psychologists ask and answer questions

The mode. Preview Question In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean? It is the same as the square of the average deviation. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the group using the other. However the difference was not statistically significant.

Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn? The group of students attaining the higher mean score had studied more than the other group. The better study method will have different effects for students of varying levels of ability C. Neither group learned a significant amount D. There is a positive correlation between the results of the two methods. There is a possibility that the difference between the two groups occurred by chance.

Studies a few people in great depth B. Studies subjects in their natural environment C. Is an efficient way to discover how people feel D. Seeks to establish cause-effect relationships E. Provides a chronological basis for reaching conclusions. Naturalistic observation B. A survey C. A test D. A case study E. An experiment. One group receives a one time treatment, and the other does not.

Later the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research A. A correlational study B. Experimental B. Observational C. Correlational D. Survey E. Case study. A study comparing the IQ test scores of children from different educational systems B. A study of relationships among family members C. An experiment to determine the effect of a food reward on the bar-pressing rate of a rat D.

Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms E. A survey of drug use among teenagers. What is most likely to kill you? Those really were the droids you were looking for. Naturalistic Observation Activity 31 Garber Control Groups The effects of violent video game play on reaction time…IV?

Which group plays the violent game??? The question of deception The question of animal research Controversy among psychologists and the public Ethical standards for research: the American Psychological Association Ensures both human and animal subjects are treated with dignity The question of deception: Is it OK to make subjects think they are hurting others?

Have homosexual tendencies? Think they are overhearing negative comments about themselves? The question of animal research: Controversy regarding humane treatment of animals vs. These and other ethical issues have led the American Psychological Association APA to develop a set of ethical standards for research, to ensure that both human and animal subjects are treated with dignity.

Apply simple statistical reasoning in everyday life to think smarter! Researchers use procedures for making empirical observations and measurements, including direct observation, questionnaires, interviews, psychological tests, physiological recordings, and examination of archival records. They depend on statistics to analyze data and decide whether hypotheses were supported…observations are converted into numbers, which are then compared. Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.

Preview Question 8: How can we describe data with measures of central tendency and variation? Mean: The arithmetic average of scores in a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores that were added together. Median: The middle score in a rank-ordered distribution. Standard Deviation: A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean. Most scores fall near the mean. No, the top is positively skewed, the bottom is negatively skewed.

Representative samples are better than biased samples. Less-variable observations are more reliable than more variable ones. More cases are better than fewer cases. Preview Question 9: What principles can guide our making generalizations from samples and deciding whether differences are significant?

Examples of Correlated Relationships A B. Therefore, your spouse left the room because your mother called. While this may be true, there are numerous reasons why someone would leave a room at a particular moment, other than your mother calling. The Experimental Method:Discovering the Causesof Behavior Experiment: A controlled situation in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another variable, while holding all other conditions constant.

Key Concepts. For example: Suppose the independent variable is the amount of time students have to take a test. We can give one class 40 minutes and another 60 minutes. These are the levels of the time variable. Confounding Variables… Any variable not controlled for that could change the results of the experiment…. For example: In the test-taking situation, we could record how many questions each student got right.

Number of correct answers would be the dependent variable. The Experimental Method:Discovering the Causesof Behavior So if the students who get 60 minutes to take the test do better than those who get 40 minutes, we can say it was the time factor that caused this difference in performance, assuming… there were no other differences between the classes.

Control Group: This is a group that is not exposed to the independent variable. Experimental vs. Control Groups The effects of violent video game play on reaction time…IV? You can change your ad preferences anytime. Module 2 research strategies how psychologists ask and answer questions. Upcoming SlideShare. Like this presentation? Why not share! Scientific thinking by guest0df09b views Introducing language technology in Embed Size px.

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